Just for the records, I managed to repair the broken filesystem on my N810 right during lunch break. Here’s what I did:
ssh root@localhost
password:****
umount /dev/mmcblk0p1
mkfs.vfat /dev/mmcblk0p1
reboot
That’s it. I’m copying back the data right now using ssh respectively fish://.
Note: If you follow the above steps, you do it at your own risk. Ensure you know what you are doing. Then adjust the above commands to fit your configuration and device. Do not blame me if something goes wrong.